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At present, modern science and technology are increasingly used in agricultural production. However, due to the generally low level of farmers' culture and the market confusion, even new farmers do not dare to apply new technologies. For example, in the application of insecticidal lamps, many people think that they will attract pests in other farmland. If they are not killed in time, it will cause the use of land pests to multiply. Therefore, the author is based on 4O years of practice and research. Explain the issues related to light trapping and insect killer lamps for special equipment, with a view to providing reference for farmers.
1 Research on light trapping 1.1 Theoretical basis Insects have phototaxis. Light trapping is the use of insects to trap and concentrate the pests. At present, the following questions about light larvae have been solved theoretically and practically.
1.1.1 Control the number of insect pests in the light trap area and solve the problems of insect pests and insect vector diseases. Light trapping specifically traps adult insect pests, reduces the number of insect pests, and greatly reduces pest density and oviposition, thereby reducing or avoiding the direct harm or spreading of pests to humans, livestock, and crops. When the pest index is below the control standard, no pesticide control is required. From the light trapping of a small number of overwintering adults, the base level of pests in the light trapping area was controlled to a level that would not cause disasters to crops. In order to solve the pest and insect-borne diseases; for the cluster of migratory pests, because of the prevention and control of pesticides and pesticides in a timely manner than control. It can also effectively prevent or reduce disasters. Unlike chemical pesticides, light trapping will not destroy the original ecological balance, and pests and beneficial insects will not be completely trapped. If only pests are killed, beneficial insects will not have food, and some beneficial insects will naturally starve to death. The light trapping system controls the beneficial insects and pests at a low level and can form a new ecological balance that will not cause disasters to crops.
1.1.2 Fully popularize light traps. Thoroughly solve the problem of migration pests in the cluster. The universal use of light to attract insects, the control of pests will not cause disasters on the level of crops, not only solve the problem of pests directly to humans, livestock, crops, or the spread of disease problems, but also completely solved the migration of clusters of migratory pests Hazard problems. In the current situation where light traps have not yet been universally available, light trapping is performed in areas where light traps are not implemented. There are also great advantages in controlling the hazards of pest migration. 1 Compared with the areas that have not been implemented with light traps, they have entered the state of prevention and control in advance, because other methods of prevention and control have generally found rounds that are away from the radius. The general distance is 80 to 100 m, and the effective area is 2 to 3 hm. The eyes of various pests have vision. In order to ensure the effectiveness of the insecticidal lamp, the effective range of the insecticidal lamp is generally 1.5-2.0 hm2.
The effective range of light trapping is related to the type, power, and placement height of the trapping light source. Energy-efficient lighting and high efficiency, low-power energy-saving broad-spectrum traps can also exceed the higher power of incandescent and ordinary fluorescent lamps, UV lamp's effective range; insecticidal lamp installed in a higher position, the effective range is also larger; The placement height is generally higher than the plant 50 em. The installation location is too high and it is not easy to operate; the insecticide lamp is mainly used for breeding. Can match high light and low light, high light can expand the trapping range. The low light facilitates feeding the animals.
1.4 Development of light trapping 1.4.1 Development history. Using light traps for a long time. From the 1960s onwards, under the conditions of collective ownership in China's rural areas, the planting industry began to promote the use of kerosene lamps, gas lamps, incandescent lamp traps; also used ordinary fluorescent lamps or UV lamp traps: later there are high pressure mercury lamps, energy saving Lights, energy-saving wide-spectrum trap lights, LED lights trapped pests research and application.
1.4.2 Application status. The insect pest monitoring station has been using light traps to forecast insect pests; now, many forest farms have begun to promote light trapping and forest pests and diseases; according to national standards for organic products, many organic product production bases use light traps to prevent pests and pests; Many farmers have begun to use light traps to increase high-protein feeds, feeding fish, poultry, and frogs I91. Light trapping is the best bio-protection method to replace chemical control pests and diseases and achieve quality and safety of agricultural products. It is also an animal high-protein feed collection method that improves resource utilization and improves overall efficiency.
1.5 The significance of light trapping 1.5.1 The limitations of chemical control. After the 1970s, China's crop production began to use a large number of chemical pesticides to prevent diseases, insects, and weeds; some pesticides, directly or indirectly, remain in various agricultural products, livestock products, aquatic products, and soil and water, causing pesticide residues. High-toxicity pesticide residues in agricultural products have caused frequent reports of acute poisoning by humans and livestock. Non-high-toxicity pesticide residues in agricultural and sideline products do not cause symptoms of acute poisoning, but long-term consumption can cause chronic poisoning in humans and animals, leading to disease. Occurrence, even affect the next generation; China's agricultural product quality and safety level lags behind the developed countries, agricultural products exports due to pesticide residue and other toxic and hazardous substances exceeded the embargo many times, agricultural products exports due to quality and safety problems each year more than one billion yuan in economic losses. In addition to food processing companies, illegal use of additives, production of fake and shoddy products. Excessive chemical pesticide residues are the most fundamental issue in China's agricultural products and food quality and safety. Moreover, chemical prevention and control consumes fossil fuels and has caused serious pollution in the rural environment.
1.5.2 The practical significance of light trapping. 1 Satisfy the demand for improved quality of life and ensure food safety. As living standards improve. People are increasingly concerned about food safety issues. Pesticide residues have become the primary issue for agricultural products and food safety.
To achieve agricultural products, food quality and safety. First of all, we need to eliminate or reduce the use of chemical pesticides in agricultural production, and adopt a combination of agricultural, biological and physical control methods. Among them, light trapping is one of the most effective physical control methods. 2 Satisfy the needs of agricultural production development and ensure farmers increase their income. The "Agricultural Product Quality Safety Law" has been promulgated and started to implement; in order for edible agricultural products to pass the inspection and enter the market, they must use no or less chemical pesticides, and light trapping is the best alternative. l The effective range of the insecticidal lamp is 2 hm2. 1 set of solar insect killer lamp can be purchased for 1 year of chemical prevention and control; while the service life of 1 set of solar insecticidal lamp is more than 10 years, the use of light trapping can significantly save plant protection. cost. The combination of planting and breeding is an agricultural technology that can improve the comprehensive benefits. Light trapping eliminates the obstacles to the implementation of planting and breeding, and it provides large-scale stocking of insectivorous and herbivorous animals. It can prevent diseases, pests, and weeds in the planting industry, but also Significantly improve overall benefits. In addition, light trapping can increase farmers' income. 3 Meet the needs of rural environmental protection and ensure the survival and safety of farmers. Since the 1970s, the extensive use of chemical pesticides has caused serious environmental pollution in rural areas. Frequent occurrences of various types of pesticide poisoning have seriously affected the safety of agricultural production and the quality and safety of agricultural products; it has also seriously affected the survival and safety of farmers and future generations. Health and safety.
The use of light trapping can gradually restore the rural environment and ensure the survival and safety of farmers.
2 Research on Insect Light Sources The implementation of light traps must first have a trapping light source with a good insect trapping effect. The performance of the trapping light source is the basis of the performance of the light trapping special equipment. In view of the fact that there are many kinds of light sources for attracting insects, the insect light sources that were artificially produced are collectively named light traps.
2.1 Performance of the insect trap light source The properties of the trap light source mainly depend on the spectral range and light intensity. The spectral range determines the number of insect traps, and the light intensity determines the size of the effective area. Because various insects have different sensitivity to different spectra, the wider the spectral range is, the wider the spectrum range is in the wavelength range of 320-680 nm long-wave ultraviolet and visible light. The light intensity depends on the type and power of the light source, and the greater the light intensity, the greater the effective area for attracting insects.
2.2 Types of Inducing Light Sources The attracting light sources include fire reactors, kerosene lamps, biogas lamps, self-firing lamps, tungsten halogen lamps, fluorescent lamps, ultraviolet lamps, high-pressure mercury lamps, energy-saving lamps, energy-saving wide-spectrum trap lamps, and LED lamps. In the final analysis, it can be summarized as fire light and electricity conversion light 2 categories. At present, the main trapping light source used is that, except for the biogas lamp, which is a flare, the others are basically electric conversion light. The vast variety of electronically converted light sources are essentially three types, namely incandescent lamps, mercury lamps, and LED lamps.
2.2.1 Incandescent lamps. An incandescent lamp is an electric light source that emits electricity by heating a light emitter to an incandescent state. Incandescent light is lost due to many energy as heat energy, and its light efficiency is low and its energy consumption is the highest. The light wave of incandescent lamp only includes some visible light segments, and there are few types of insect traps, and now it is basically unnecessary.
2.2.2 Mercury lamps. Mercury lamps use mercury as a basic element and are filled with an appropriate amount of arc discharge lamps of other metals or other compounds. Mercury vapors are used to radiate ultraviolet light during discharge to make the phosphors emit visible light. The mercury vapor pressure can be divided into Low pressure, high pressure, ultra high pressure 3 categories. Fluorescent lamps, UV lamps, energy-saving lamps, and energy-saving wide-spectrum lamps all belong to the category of low-pressure mercury lamps. Since most of the energy consumed by mercury lamps is used to generate ultraviolet light, the luminous efficiency of mercury lamps is much higher than that of incandescent and tungsten halogen lamps. It is currently a relatively energy-saving electric light source, including most of the light sources for attracting insects; but various types of mercury There are differences in energy efficiency between lamps. 1 UV lamp. Ultraviolet light is a black light. The long-wavelength ultraviolet light of 330 to 40 nm is a light that is insensitive and invisible to humans, so the UV lamp is also called a black light. Many kinds of pests are sensitive to long-wave ultraviolet light, but ordinary straight-tube UV lamps have high energy consumption and need to be equipped with ballasts, so they are troublesome to install, maintain, and use. 2 dual-wave lights (tricolor lights). Double-wave lights are vague and inaccurate naming. According to the specific conditions of the existing dual-wave lamps, there are two types of monochromatic light lamps. The light source for attracting insects (including three-color lights) has a narrow spectrum, and has fewer types of insects; its energy consumption is determined by the basic type of lamp. 3 frequency vibration lamp. Frequent vibration, that is to say the power conversion technology into a variety of specific frequencies: The essence is the combination of straight tube UV lamp and straight tube fluorescent lamp. This kind of combined light source has many kinds of attracting insects, and the effect is good: but the energy consumption is high, two ballasts need to be added, and installation and use are more troublesome. 4 energy-saving lamps. Energy-saving lamps officially named "compact single-ended fluorescent lamps." Single-ended fluorescent lamps use 80% less electricity than ordinary incandescent lamps, commonly known as energy-saving lamps; they can be used as a direct replacement for incandescent lamps; however, only visible light is available in the spectrum, and there are fewer types of insects. 5 Energy-saving wide-spectrum trap lights. The lamp is based on a compact single-end fluorescent lamp. A dedicated light source developed for insecticidal lamps: Two types of light tubes for daylight and ultraviolet light are installed on the head of a compact single-end fluorescent lamp. The light source of the insect attracting light consumes 80% energy than the ordinary incandescent lamp, and the spectrum coverage is 320-680 nm. The types of insect attracting are many, the effect is good, and the installation and use are convenient.
2.2.3 LED lights. LED lights are light emitting diodes, which are solid state semiconductor devices that directly convert electricity into light, and are the most energy-efficient. However, they are all monochromatic light, have narrow spectrum, have few insect traps, and have high prices. They should not be used for insecticidal lamps for the time being.
3 Research on light-inducing special equipment The trapping light source can only trap insects and can't kill pests; killing pests must also have supporting insect-killing components. In order to make effective use of light traps in agricultural production, special equipment for light trapping must be developed - insect-killing lamps. The trapping light source must be made into a variety of insecticidal lamps according to different power conditions and insecticidal parts, insect collection parts, protection parts, supporting parts and other supporting combinations.
3.1 Insect luminaries were named since the 1960s. There have been various kinds of special equipment for light trapping. There are many kinds of lamps for insect killing purposes, such as moth killing lamps, insect killers, insect traps, and black light lamps. This has caused trouble for farmers' choices. Should be named insecticide lamp.
3.2 Classification of pesticidal lamps and related properties 3.2.1 Classification by type of power supply. There are two main types: AC grid-powered AC insect killer lamps, battery-powered DC insect killer lamps. There are two kinds of battery charging methods: the charger uses the AC power grid to charge, use the solar battery to charge; respectively called the battery insect killer lamp, the solar energy insect killer lamp. 1 AC bug lamp. AC insect killer lamps are suitable for use in areas where AC power is available, either manually controlled or fully automated. If the use of insecticidal lamps, the installation of AC power supply lines in line with safe power standards will increase investment costs; and the use of AC power in farmland. There are major security risks. 2 battery insect killer lamp. The battery insecticidal lamp is suitable for areas with AC power supply conditions. The battery is used as insecticide lamp energy to achieve semi-automatic control, and the use of safety is better than the AC electric insect killer lamp; the battery power is insufficient and needs to be charged in time. The price of the battery insect killer lamp is higher than that of the AC insect killer lamp. In the process of use, it also needs to pay for electricity, and it needs special person to charge and manage it. 3 Solar insecticidal lamps. Solar insecticidal lamps are suitable for any production environment where there is sunlight during the day. The solar energy supply system provides energy; during the day, the solar battery charges the battery, and the dark battery supplies the insecticidal lamp. Generally, there is an automatic control system that can automatically and safely work efficiently. It is an energy-saving and environmentally friendly new energy insecticidal lamp. The price of solar insecticidal lamps is relatively high, but the effective control range of a set of insecticidal lamps is about 2 hm. Solar panels have a working life of more than 20 years. Once the investment is recovered in the same year, it will benefit for 20 years and no longer need to pay for electricity during the work period.
3.2.2 Classified by insecticide. The insecticidal lamps are classified by insecticide methods, and mainly include electric shock type, water hydrazine type, poison bottle type, adhesion type and infrared ray killing. 1 Electric shock lamp. Electric shock lamp is suitable for various agricultural production conditions. Insects trapped by traplights are knocked down by high-voltage power grids and collected by insect collectors. Electric shock insecticidal lamp has better insecticidal effect. Generally, there are fewer or no insects under the lamp. Because the insects are attracted by light, they fly around within 1 m in diameter around the lamp. If they touch the insect net, they will be After knocking down, most of them will be knocked down to the insect collection device. Electric shock lamp prices are higher. 2 Otter type insecticidal lamp. Water-type insecticidal lamps are suitable for agricultural production conditions with better water resources and combined planting and breeding. The insecticidal lamp is set on the natural water surface and artificial pool.
Or set a basin under the lamp; the insects fly around the traplights, and the trapping lamp traps the insects to fall into the water and drown or to directly feed the insectivorous animals. Insect traps are set around insect traps, insects fly around, and the insect block will fall into the water. The insecticidal effect is better; it is also possible not to install insects. Water-type insecticidal lamp insect killing effect is not as good as electric shock type.
Some of the pests that have fallen into the water may also take off and take off again. In particular, basins are used to collect insects. The area of ​​the basin is small, and the insects that have been induced to death are not killed. It will accumulate within a radius of 1 m below the lamp, forming insect pests and requiring special prevention and control; however, if the combination of planting and breeding is implemented, this drawback can be completely avoided, and it can be transformed into a treasure and improve efficiency. Therefore, leeches are best used for aquaculture ponds.
Or poultry, frog farms. Water-type insecticidal lamps are less expensive. 3 poison bottle type, adhesion type and infrared and other methods. Vial-type insecticidal lamps must use highly volatile, odor-killing chemical pesticides. Poisonous insects cannot be used as high-protein feeds. They are not promoted in production; only measurement and research units need to collect complete insect carcasses. Used when specimens are used.
3.3 Automatic control of the insecticidal lamp The automatic controlling technology of the insecticidal lamp is mainly to realize the safety of the insecticidal lamp and improve the working efficiency.
3.3.1 The safety of insecticidal lamps. The safety of the insecticidal lamp includes: 1 The safety of the insecticidal lamp. In the process of use, it will not be damaged, such as lightning strikes, rain caused by short circuit burned parts and lamp body. 2 The use of insecticidal lamps is safe. Insect nets will not accidentally injure people or animals, and no electric shocks will occur. In order for insecticidal lamps to work safely and efficiently, a variety of methods must be adopted to minimize safety risks. Lightning strikes, protection against rain and dew caused short circuit in high-pressure insecticidal nets, accidental injury to humans and animals caused by high-pressure insecticidal nets, and electric shock accidents caused by electric shock from insecticidal lamps. These are the basic safety requirements that insecticide lamps must meet.
3.3.2 efficiency of insecticidal lamps. To increase the work efficiency of the insecticidal lamp, the main consideration is to synchronize the working time of the insecticidal lamp with insect activity; solar insecticidal lamps also need to consider the number of days that the insecticidal lamp can continue to work in continuous rainy weather. At present, the general insecticidal lamp when the air humidity is greater than 95%, in order to prevent high voltage insecticidal network short circuit damage electronic components, electric sparks burn the lamp body, the implementation of automatic shut down into the self-protection state, to protect the safety of the insecticidal lamp; but the humidity is large Non-rainfall weather (eg when the humidity is greater than 95% and it does not rain, when the rain is fine, the humidity does not drop, and the dew begins to condense) Many pests are very active and the insecticidal lamp does not work to protect itself. Regarding the issue above. Yangzhou Kanghong Agricultural Development Co., Ltd. developed a safe and efficient automatic control system for insecticidal lamps. The electronic control subsystem and the physical control subsystem combine to provide double protection for the insecticidal lamp and to synchronize the pest activity with the insecticidal lamp: The insecticidal lamp works safely, ensures the efficiency of the insecticidal lamp, prolongs the continuous working time of continuous rainy weather, and greatly improves the efficiency and safety of the insecticidal lamp. 51.
3.4 Technical status and standards of insecticidal lamps 3.4.1 Technical status of insecticidal lamps. There are quite a few insecticide lamp production companies in China, and the average size of companies is small. The technical power is weak; the quality of insecticidal lamps produced and the effect of their use are very different. Some insecticidal lamp production enterprises earnestly implement national recommended standards or enterprise standards, and the product quality is better. Some insecticidal lamp manufacturers do not implement relevant standards. The quality of the products is poor, and even counterfeit products can disturb the insecticidal lamp market, affecting the light induced Insect method promotion application.
3.4.2 Technical specifications of insecticidal lamps. Promulgated in 2009 by Tangyin Jiaduoke and dosage forms. For example, when spider mites pass winter, incubate and become active, and trees damage leaves, they should be controlled during the leaf-opening period when the temperature rises, and the effect of spraying too early is poor. Therefore, the period of spraying lime-sulfur mixture starts before sprouting. Instead, the buds germinate at the beginning, which can greatly improve the control effect of spider mites.
2.2-3 Control the dose and grasp the concentration. Different types of fruit varieties, varieties, and resistance at different growth periods are often different. According to the toxicity of the pesticides and the occurrence of diseases and insect pests, combined with the climate, seedlings, etc., strictly control the dosage and concentration, to prevent drug injury and killing Natural enemies, as long as the pests and diseases can be controlled below the allowable level of economic losses. For Pear black spot disease, it is only necessary to spray 3-5 times on the pear tree for the resistant variety or light hair. Lime sulfur, or 45% lime sulfur crystals 51-60 times the liquid, and to increase the degree of Baume or double when the susceptible species or heavy occurs. In addition, application techniques such as high-efficiency spraying (such as low-volume fine mist spraying) are advocated, and the use of different types and types of pesticides is recommended for rational alternation and rotation in order to increase the utilization rate of pesticides, reduce the frequency of pesticide application, and prevent pests. Produce drug resistance, thereby reducing the drug dose and reducing environmental pollution.
3 Scientific compounding. Pay attention to drug safety 3.1 The use of scientific and rational mixed drug technology using scientific and rational mixed drug technology, can achieve a single application of pesticides to control the purpose of a variety of pests. However, pesticides should be blended in order to maintain the active ingredients or synergistic effects of the original drug without causing chemical reactions and protecting good physical properties. In general, various neutral pesticides can be mixed. Neutral pesticides and acidic pesticides can be mixed. Acidic pesticides can be mixed. However, basic pesticides cannot be mixed with other pesticides (including alkaline pesticides). Agents (such as Bt) cannot be mixed with bactericides and pesticides with strong systemic absorption so as not to reduce or even lose efficacy.
3.2 Pay attention to the safe interval between medications. In the mixed application, do not ignore the interval between medications. The time of the last medication should be a certain interval from the fruit harvesting period to prevent more pesticides from remaining in the fruit. Generally at least 8 to 10 days in summer, at least 11 to 13 days in spring, and more than 15 days in winter. Of course, in the production of fruit, it is also necessary to strictly grasp the best period of prevention and treatment according to the occurrence, development and hazards of pests and diseases, and to use drugs in a timely manner to ensure the safe production of high quality fruits.
1 Research on light trapping 1.1 Theoretical basis Insects have phototaxis. Light trapping is the use of insects to trap and concentrate the pests. At present, the following questions about light larvae have been solved theoretically and practically.
1.1.1 Control the number of insect pests in the light trap area and solve the problems of insect pests and insect vector diseases. Light trapping specifically traps adult insect pests, reduces the number of insect pests, and greatly reduces pest density and oviposition, thereby reducing or avoiding the direct harm or spreading of pests to humans, livestock, and crops. When the pest index is below the control standard, no pesticide control is required. From the light trapping of a small number of overwintering adults, the base level of pests in the light trapping area was controlled to a level that would not cause disasters to crops. In order to solve the pest and insect-borne diseases; for the cluster of migratory pests, because of the prevention and control of pesticides and pesticides in a timely manner than control. It can also effectively prevent or reduce disasters. Unlike chemical pesticides, light trapping will not destroy the original ecological balance, and pests and beneficial insects will not be completely trapped. If only pests are killed, beneficial insects will not have food, and some beneficial insects will naturally starve to death. The light trapping system controls the beneficial insects and pests at a low level and can form a new ecological balance that will not cause disasters to crops.
1.1.2 Fully popularize light traps. Thoroughly solve the problem of migration pests in the cluster. The universal use of light to attract insects, the control of pests will not cause disasters on the level of crops, not only solve the problem of pests directly to humans, livestock, crops, or the spread of disease problems, but also completely solved the migration of clusters of migratory pests Hazard problems. In the current situation where light traps have not yet been universally available, light trapping is performed in areas where light traps are not implemented. There are also great advantages in controlling the hazards of pest migration. 1 Compared with the areas that have not been implemented with light traps, they have entered the state of prevention and control in advance, because other methods of prevention and control have generally found rounds that are away from the radius. The general distance is 80 to 100 m, and the effective area is 2 to 3 hm. The eyes of various pests have vision. In order to ensure the effectiveness of the insecticidal lamp, the effective range of the insecticidal lamp is generally 1.5-2.0 hm2.
The effective range of light trapping is related to the type, power, and placement height of the trapping light source. Energy-efficient lighting and high efficiency, low-power energy-saving broad-spectrum traps can also exceed the higher power of incandescent and ordinary fluorescent lamps, UV lamp's effective range; insecticidal lamp installed in a higher position, the effective range is also larger; The placement height is generally higher than the plant 50 em. The installation location is too high and it is not easy to operate; the insecticide lamp is mainly used for breeding. Can match high light and low light, high light can expand the trapping range. The low light facilitates feeding the animals.
1.4 Development of light trapping 1.4.1 Development history. Using light traps for a long time. From the 1960s onwards, under the conditions of collective ownership in China's rural areas, the planting industry began to promote the use of kerosene lamps, gas lamps, incandescent lamp traps; also used ordinary fluorescent lamps or UV lamp traps: later there are high pressure mercury lamps, energy saving Lights, energy-saving wide-spectrum trap lights, LED lights trapped pests research and application.
1.4.2 Application status. The insect pest monitoring station has been using light traps to forecast insect pests; now, many forest farms have begun to promote light trapping and forest pests and diseases; according to national standards for organic products, many organic product production bases use light traps to prevent pests and pests; Many farmers have begun to use light traps to increase high-protein feeds, feeding fish, poultry, and frogs I91. Light trapping is the best bio-protection method to replace chemical control pests and diseases and achieve quality and safety of agricultural products. It is also an animal high-protein feed collection method that improves resource utilization and improves overall efficiency.
1.5 The significance of light trapping 1.5.1 The limitations of chemical control. After the 1970s, China's crop production began to use a large number of chemical pesticides to prevent diseases, insects, and weeds; some pesticides, directly or indirectly, remain in various agricultural products, livestock products, aquatic products, and soil and water, causing pesticide residues. High-toxicity pesticide residues in agricultural products have caused frequent reports of acute poisoning by humans and livestock. Non-high-toxicity pesticide residues in agricultural and sideline products do not cause symptoms of acute poisoning, but long-term consumption can cause chronic poisoning in humans and animals, leading to disease. Occurrence, even affect the next generation; China's agricultural product quality and safety level lags behind the developed countries, agricultural products exports due to pesticide residue and other toxic and hazardous substances exceeded the embargo many times, agricultural products exports due to quality and safety problems each year more than one billion yuan in economic losses. In addition to food processing companies, illegal use of additives, production of fake and shoddy products. Excessive chemical pesticide residues are the most fundamental issue in China's agricultural products and food quality and safety. Moreover, chemical prevention and control consumes fossil fuels and has caused serious pollution in the rural environment.
1.5.2 The practical significance of light trapping. 1 Satisfy the demand for improved quality of life and ensure food safety. As living standards improve. People are increasingly concerned about food safety issues. Pesticide residues have become the primary issue for agricultural products and food safety.
To achieve agricultural products, food quality and safety. First of all, we need to eliminate or reduce the use of chemical pesticides in agricultural production, and adopt a combination of agricultural, biological and physical control methods. Among them, light trapping is one of the most effective physical control methods. 2 Satisfy the needs of agricultural production development and ensure farmers increase their income. The "Agricultural Product Quality Safety Law" has been promulgated and started to implement; in order for edible agricultural products to pass the inspection and enter the market, they must use no or less chemical pesticides, and light trapping is the best alternative. l The effective range of the insecticidal lamp is 2 hm2. 1 set of solar insect killer lamp can be purchased for 1 year of chemical prevention and control; while the service life of 1 set of solar insecticidal lamp is more than 10 years, the use of light trapping can significantly save plant protection. cost. The combination of planting and breeding is an agricultural technology that can improve the comprehensive benefits. Light trapping eliminates the obstacles to the implementation of planting and breeding, and it provides large-scale stocking of insectivorous and herbivorous animals. It can prevent diseases, pests, and weeds in the planting industry, but also Significantly improve overall benefits. In addition, light trapping can increase farmers' income. 3 Meet the needs of rural environmental protection and ensure the survival and safety of farmers. Since the 1970s, the extensive use of chemical pesticides has caused serious environmental pollution in rural areas. Frequent occurrences of various types of pesticide poisoning have seriously affected the safety of agricultural production and the quality and safety of agricultural products; it has also seriously affected the survival and safety of farmers and future generations. Health and safety.
The use of light trapping can gradually restore the rural environment and ensure the survival and safety of farmers.
2 Research on Insect Light Sources The implementation of light traps must first have a trapping light source with a good insect trapping effect. The performance of the trapping light source is the basis of the performance of the light trapping special equipment. In view of the fact that there are many kinds of light sources for attracting insects, the insect light sources that were artificially produced are collectively named light traps.
2.1 Performance of the insect trap light source The properties of the trap light source mainly depend on the spectral range and light intensity. The spectral range determines the number of insect traps, and the light intensity determines the size of the effective area. Because various insects have different sensitivity to different spectra, the wider the spectral range is, the wider the spectrum range is in the wavelength range of 320-680 nm long-wave ultraviolet and visible light. The light intensity depends on the type and power of the light source, and the greater the light intensity, the greater the effective area for attracting insects.
2.2 Types of Inducing Light Sources The attracting light sources include fire reactors, kerosene lamps, biogas lamps, self-firing lamps, tungsten halogen lamps, fluorescent lamps, ultraviolet lamps, high-pressure mercury lamps, energy-saving lamps, energy-saving wide-spectrum trap lamps, and LED lamps. In the final analysis, it can be summarized as fire light and electricity conversion light 2 categories. At present, the main trapping light source used is that, except for the biogas lamp, which is a flare, the others are basically electric conversion light. The vast variety of electronically converted light sources are essentially three types, namely incandescent lamps, mercury lamps, and LED lamps.
2.2.1 Incandescent lamps. An incandescent lamp is an electric light source that emits electricity by heating a light emitter to an incandescent state. Incandescent light is lost due to many energy as heat energy, and its light efficiency is low and its energy consumption is the highest. The light wave of incandescent lamp only includes some visible light segments, and there are few types of insect traps, and now it is basically unnecessary.
2.2.2 Mercury lamps. Mercury lamps use mercury as a basic element and are filled with an appropriate amount of arc discharge lamps of other metals or other compounds. Mercury vapors are used to radiate ultraviolet light during discharge to make the phosphors emit visible light. The mercury vapor pressure can be divided into Low pressure, high pressure, ultra high pressure 3 categories. Fluorescent lamps, UV lamps, energy-saving lamps, and energy-saving wide-spectrum lamps all belong to the category of low-pressure mercury lamps. Since most of the energy consumed by mercury lamps is used to generate ultraviolet light, the luminous efficiency of mercury lamps is much higher than that of incandescent and tungsten halogen lamps. It is currently a relatively energy-saving electric light source, including most of the light sources for attracting insects; but various types of mercury There are differences in energy efficiency between lamps. 1 UV lamp. Ultraviolet light is a black light. The long-wavelength ultraviolet light of 330 to 40 nm is a light that is insensitive and invisible to humans, so the UV lamp is also called a black light. Many kinds of pests are sensitive to long-wave ultraviolet light, but ordinary straight-tube UV lamps have high energy consumption and need to be equipped with ballasts, so they are troublesome to install, maintain, and use. 2 dual-wave lights (tricolor lights). Double-wave lights are vague and inaccurate naming. According to the specific conditions of the existing dual-wave lamps, there are two types of monochromatic light lamps. The light source for attracting insects (including three-color lights) has a narrow spectrum, and has fewer types of insects; its energy consumption is determined by the basic type of lamp. 3 frequency vibration lamp. Frequent vibration, that is to say the power conversion technology into a variety of specific frequencies: The essence is the combination of straight tube UV lamp and straight tube fluorescent lamp. This kind of combined light source has many kinds of attracting insects, and the effect is good: but the energy consumption is high, two ballasts need to be added, and installation and use are more troublesome. 4 energy-saving lamps. Energy-saving lamps officially named "compact single-ended fluorescent lamps." Single-ended fluorescent lamps use 80% less electricity than ordinary incandescent lamps, commonly known as energy-saving lamps; they can be used as a direct replacement for incandescent lamps; however, only visible light is available in the spectrum, and there are fewer types of insects. 5 Energy-saving wide-spectrum trap lights. The lamp is based on a compact single-end fluorescent lamp. A dedicated light source developed for insecticidal lamps: Two types of light tubes for daylight and ultraviolet light are installed on the head of a compact single-end fluorescent lamp. The light source of the insect attracting light consumes 80% energy than the ordinary incandescent lamp, and the spectrum coverage is 320-680 nm. The types of insect attracting are many, the effect is good, and the installation and use are convenient.
2.2.3 LED lights. LED lights are light emitting diodes, which are solid state semiconductor devices that directly convert electricity into light, and are the most energy-efficient. However, they are all monochromatic light, have narrow spectrum, have few insect traps, and have high prices. They should not be used for insecticidal lamps for the time being.
3 Research on light-inducing special equipment The trapping light source can only trap insects and can't kill pests; killing pests must also have supporting insect-killing components. In order to make effective use of light traps in agricultural production, special equipment for light trapping must be developed - insect-killing lamps. The trapping light source must be made into a variety of insecticidal lamps according to different power conditions and insecticidal parts, insect collection parts, protection parts, supporting parts and other supporting combinations.
3.1 Insect luminaries were named since the 1960s. There have been various kinds of special equipment for light trapping. There are many kinds of lamps for insect killing purposes, such as moth killing lamps, insect killers, insect traps, and black light lamps. This has caused trouble for farmers' choices. Should be named insecticide lamp.
3.2 Classification of pesticidal lamps and related properties 3.2.1 Classification by type of power supply. There are two main types: AC grid-powered AC insect killer lamps, battery-powered DC insect killer lamps. There are two kinds of battery charging methods: the charger uses the AC power grid to charge, use the solar battery to charge; respectively called the battery insect killer lamp, the solar energy insect killer lamp. 1 AC bug lamp. AC insect killer lamps are suitable for use in areas where AC power is available, either manually controlled or fully automated. If the use of insecticidal lamps, the installation of AC power supply lines in line with safe power standards will increase investment costs; and the use of AC power in farmland. There are major security risks. 2 battery insect killer lamp. The battery insecticidal lamp is suitable for areas with AC power supply conditions. The battery is used as insecticide lamp energy to achieve semi-automatic control, and the use of safety is better than the AC electric insect killer lamp; the battery power is insufficient and needs to be charged in time. The price of the battery insect killer lamp is higher than that of the AC insect killer lamp. In the process of use, it also needs to pay for electricity, and it needs special person to charge and manage it. 3 Solar insecticidal lamps. Solar insecticidal lamps are suitable for any production environment where there is sunlight during the day. The solar energy supply system provides energy; during the day, the solar battery charges the battery, and the dark battery supplies the insecticidal lamp. Generally, there is an automatic control system that can automatically and safely work efficiently. It is an energy-saving and environmentally friendly new energy insecticidal lamp. The price of solar insecticidal lamps is relatively high, but the effective control range of a set of insecticidal lamps is about 2 hm. Solar panels have a working life of more than 20 years. Once the investment is recovered in the same year, it will benefit for 20 years and no longer need to pay for electricity during the work period.
3.2.2 Classified by insecticide. The insecticidal lamps are classified by insecticide methods, and mainly include electric shock type, water hydrazine type, poison bottle type, adhesion type and infrared ray killing. 1 Electric shock lamp. Electric shock lamp is suitable for various agricultural production conditions. Insects trapped by traplights are knocked down by high-voltage power grids and collected by insect collectors. Electric shock insecticidal lamp has better insecticidal effect. Generally, there are fewer or no insects under the lamp. Because the insects are attracted by light, they fly around within 1 m in diameter around the lamp. If they touch the insect net, they will be After knocking down, most of them will be knocked down to the insect collection device. Electric shock lamp prices are higher. 2 Otter type insecticidal lamp. Water-type insecticidal lamps are suitable for agricultural production conditions with better water resources and combined planting and breeding. The insecticidal lamp is set on the natural water surface and artificial pool.
Or set a basin under the lamp; the insects fly around the traplights, and the trapping lamp traps the insects to fall into the water and drown or to directly feed the insectivorous animals. Insect traps are set around insect traps, insects fly around, and the insect block will fall into the water. The insecticidal effect is better; it is also possible not to install insects. Water-type insecticidal lamp insect killing effect is not as good as electric shock type.
Some of the pests that have fallen into the water may also take off and take off again. In particular, basins are used to collect insects. The area of ​​the basin is small, and the insects that have been induced to death are not killed. It will accumulate within a radius of 1 m below the lamp, forming insect pests and requiring special prevention and control; however, if the combination of planting and breeding is implemented, this drawback can be completely avoided, and it can be transformed into a treasure and improve efficiency. Therefore, leeches are best used for aquaculture ponds.
Or poultry, frog farms. Water-type insecticidal lamps are less expensive. 3 poison bottle type, adhesion type and infrared and other methods. Vial-type insecticidal lamps must use highly volatile, odor-killing chemical pesticides. Poisonous insects cannot be used as high-protein feeds. They are not promoted in production; only measurement and research units need to collect complete insect carcasses. Used when specimens are used.
3.3 Automatic control of the insecticidal lamp The automatic controlling technology of the insecticidal lamp is mainly to realize the safety of the insecticidal lamp and improve the working efficiency.
3.3.1 The safety of insecticidal lamps. The safety of the insecticidal lamp includes: 1 The safety of the insecticidal lamp. In the process of use, it will not be damaged, such as lightning strikes, rain caused by short circuit burned parts and lamp body. 2 The use of insecticidal lamps is safe. Insect nets will not accidentally injure people or animals, and no electric shocks will occur. In order for insecticidal lamps to work safely and efficiently, a variety of methods must be adopted to minimize safety risks. Lightning strikes, protection against rain and dew caused short circuit in high-pressure insecticidal nets, accidental injury to humans and animals caused by high-pressure insecticidal nets, and electric shock accidents caused by electric shock from insecticidal lamps. These are the basic safety requirements that insecticide lamps must meet.
3.3.2 efficiency of insecticidal lamps. To increase the work efficiency of the insecticidal lamp, the main consideration is to synchronize the working time of the insecticidal lamp with insect activity; solar insecticidal lamps also need to consider the number of days that the insecticidal lamp can continue to work in continuous rainy weather. At present, the general insecticidal lamp when the air humidity is greater than 95%, in order to prevent high voltage insecticidal network short circuit damage electronic components, electric sparks burn the lamp body, the implementation of automatic shut down into the self-protection state, to protect the safety of the insecticidal lamp; but the humidity is large Non-rainfall weather (eg when the humidity is greater than 95% and it does not rain, when the rain is fine, the humidity does not drop, and the dew begins to condense) Many pests are very active and the insecticidal lamp does not work to protect itself. Regarding the issue above. Yangzhou Kanghong Agricultural Development Co., Ltd. developed a safe and efficient automatic control system for insecticidal lamps. The electronic control subsystem and the physical control subsystem combine to provide double protection for the insecticidal lamp and to synchronize the pest activity with the insecticidal lamp: The insecticidal lamp works safely, ensures the efficiency of the insecticidal lamp, prolongs the continuous working time of continuous rainy weather, and greatly improves the efficiency and safety of the insecticidal lamp. 51.
3.4 Technical status and standards of insecticidal lamps 3.4.1 Technical status of insecticidal lamps. There are quite a few insecticide lamp production companies in China, and the average size of companies is small. The technical power is weak; the quality of insecticidal lamps produced and the effect of their use are very different. Some insecticidal lamp production enterprises earnestly implement national recommended standards or enterprise standards, and the product quality is better. Some insecticidal lamp manufacturers do not implement relevant standards. The quality of the products is poor, and even counterfeit products can disturb the insecticidal lamp market, affecting the light induced Insect method promotion application.
3.4.2 Technical specifications of insecticidal lamps. Promulgated in 2009 by Tangyin Jiaduoke and dosage forms. For example, when spider mites pass winter, incubate and become active, and trees damage leaves, they should be controlled during the leaf-opening period when the temperature rises, and the effect of spraying too early is poor. Therefore, the period of spraying lime-sulfur mixture starts before sprouting. Instead, the buds germinate at the beginning, which can greatly improve the control effect of spider mites.
2.2-3 Control the dose and grasp the concentration. Different types of fruit varieties, varieties, and resistance at different growth periods are often different. According to the toxicity of the pesticides and the occurrence of diseases and insect pests, combined with the climate, seedlings, etc., strictly control the dosage and concentration, to prevent drug injury and killing Natural enemies, as long as the pests and diseases can be controlled below the allowable level of economic losses. For Pear black spot disease, it is only necessary to spray 3-5 times on the pear tree for the resistant variety or light hair. Lime sulfur, or 45% lime sulfur crystals 51-60 times the liquid, and to increase the degree of Baume or double when the susceptible species or heavy occurs. In addition, application techniques such as high-efficiency spraying (such as low-volume fine mist spraying) are advocated, and the use of different types and types of pesticides is recommended for rational alternation and rotation in order to increase the utilization rate of pesticides, reduce the frequency of pesticide application, and prevent pests. Produce drug resistance, thereby reducing the drug dose and reducing environmental pollution.
3 Scientific compounding. Pay attention to drug safety 3.1 The use of scientific and rational mixed drug technology using scientific and rational mixed drug technology, can achieve a single application of pesticides to control the purpose of a variety of pests. However, pesticides should be blended in order to maintain the active ingredients or synergistic effects of the original drug without causing chemical reactions and protecting good physical properties. In general, various neutral pesticides can be mixed. Neutral pesticides and acidic pesticides can be mixed. Acidic pesticides can be mixed. However, basic pesticides cannot be mixed with other pesticides (including alkaline pesticides). Agents (such as Bt) cannot be mixed with bactericides and pesticides with strong systemic absorption so as not to reduce or even lose efficacy.
3.2 Pay attention to the safe interval between medications. In the mixed application, do not ignore the interval between medications. The time of the last medication should be a certain interval from the fruit harvesting period to prevent more pesticides from remaining in the fruit. Generally at least 8 to 10 days in summer, at least 11 to 13 days in spring, and more than 15 days in winter. Of course, in the production of fruit, it is also necessary to strictly grasp the best period of prevention and treatment according to the occurrence, development and hazards of pests and diseases, and to use drugs in a timely manner to ensure the safe production of high quality fruits.
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