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Lithium, beryllium, niobium, tantalum and other rare metal ores, are generally required to obtain qualified concentrate product after beneficiation, smelting can be used as raw material. Some refractory ores that are easy to wet smelt can be directly smelted.
In the geological exploration process, the initial exploration of the deposit should be carried out preliminary preliminary test, the detailed exploration of the deposit should be carried out in laboratory scale continuity test. For new types of deposits with complex material composition, the ore dressing test should be carried out in advance in order to determine the optional performance of the ore and evaluate whether the deposit can be explored. If the industrial sector needs to take semi-industrial or industrial test samples and other test samples, the geological exploration unit shall compile the sample design of the deposit with the test unit, provide geological data, and cooperate with the sampling.
Lithium, tantalum, niobium and tantalum ore beneficiation methods are classified into two categories: hand-selected ore and machine-selected ore according to ore properties:
Lithium and antimony ore beneficiation methods include hand selection method, flotation method, chemical or chemical-flotation combined method, thermal cracking method, radioactive selection method, and granular flotation method. The first three methods are more commonly used.
In the 1950s and 1960s, the hand selection method was one of the main methods of mineral processing in the production of lithium and antimony concentrates at home and abroad. For example, in 1959, Xinjiang, Hunan and other provinces hand-selected the production of beryl concentrates of more than 2,800 tons. In 1962, the world beryl concentrate production was 7,400 tons, of which hand-selected concentrates accounted for 91%. This is mainly due to the fact that most of the lithium and antimony ore are from the pegmatite deposit, and the major industrial minerals such as spodumene and beryl are selected and the crystals are easy to choose. However, it should be noted that hand-selected labor intensity, low production efficiency, high resource waste, and low selection index are gradually being replaced by mechanical beneficiation methods. However, in developing countries where labor is cheap, hand-selection is still the main method of producing lithium-rhenium concentrate.
The research and application of the flotation method was earlier. In the 1930s, the flotation method was applied to the industrial production of spodumene concentrate. Some of the spodumene flotation use reverse flotation, and some use positive flotation; lithium mica is easy to float, and is commonly used for flotation; as for the industrial flotation of beryl, there are very few reports. In China, the flotation research of spodumene and beryl was started in the late 1950s, followed by lithium mica flotation, lithium strontium separation and other lithium antimony ore, and the flotation of spodumene, beryl and lithium mica was developed. Process flow and application in the new lithium niobium beneficiation.
The chemical or chemical-flotation combination method is applicable to the salt lake lithium mine, and the lithium salt is extracted therefrom by this method. The method is to evaporate the brine on the drying field, precipitate the sodium salt and the potassium salt , increase the concentration of lithium chloride to about 6%, and then send it to the factory to convert the lithium chloride into a solid lithium carbonate product by soda method.
In the ore dressing method, the combined method flow is adopted, and different ore types have different method flows. The tantalite ore, and columbite ores fergusonite gravity separation - flotation - combined reselection process or reselection - magnetic separation - combined reselection process; carbonate rock mainly pyrochlore ore flotation - magnetic separation - Leaching-flotation combined process; Pegmatite pyrochlore ore is mostly re-elected - maglev - floating re-election - electrification - flotation - re-election combined process.
Lithium, bismuth, antimony and antimony are mainly processed by the following methods:
(1) Lithium metallurgy, including compound preparation and metal preparation, preparation of lithium compounds, spodumene concentrate (containing Li 2 O 6% to 6.5%) and lithium mica concentrate (containing Li 2 O 4% to 5%) Processed by sulfuric acid or lime process. The sulfuric acid method can be applied to spodumene mineral raw materials, and the lime method is suitable for lithium mica mineral raw materials. Further, methods for extracting a lithium compound from ore include a potassium sulfate method, a chlorination roasting method, and an alkali pressing method. Industrial production of lithium metal uses LiCl-KCl molten salt electrolysis.
(2) Preparation of bismuth The production of bismuth metal in industry is generally divided into two steps: the first step is to extract cerium oxide from beryl, and the second step is to prepare metal cerium from cerium oxide. The cerium oxide is extracted by a sulfate method and a fluoride method. The production of metal ruthenium is extremely difficult to directly reduce to metal due to ruthenium oxide. Therefore, yttrium oxide is first converted into a halide and then reduced to a metal. There are two processes, namely magnesium hydride reduction and cesium chloride molten salt electrolysis.
(3) Smelting of antimony includes processes such as decomposing concentrates, separating strontium, preparing compounds and metals, and refining. Industrial production methods of metal ruthenium include a carbothermal reduction method, a sodium thermal reduction method, and an aluminothermic reduction method.
(4) Smelting of bismuth The main steps are to decompose concentrates, purify and separate strontium and barium, to prepare pure compounds of strontium and strontium, and finally to obtain metals. The ore decomposition uses a hydrofluoric acid decomposition method, a sodium hydroxide melting method, and a chlorination method. Tantalum and niobium can be isolated by solvent extraction (extractant used is methyl isobutyl ketone (of MIBK), tributyl phosphate (TBP, octanol and acetamide), fractional crystallization and ion exchange.
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