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China is the world's largest vegetable producer and consumer. According to statistics from FAO, in 2000, the harvested area of ​​vegetables and melons in China was 15.156 million hectares, accounting for 35.6% of the world; the output was 277.34 million tons, accounting for 41.6% of the world. We all know that mechanization is an important symbol for modernization. However, at present, the mechanization level of vegetable production in China is very low. Only the cultivation of open field vegetables is basically mechanized by means of field work tools, and the area of ​​facility agricultural mechanized tillage is less than 10%. Other aspects of mechanized operations are even more difficult to talk about.
Based on the characteristics of big cities and small suburbs, Beijing proposed a strategy to build urban modern agriculture. Facility agriculture is the foundation of urban modern agriculture and an important pillar industry for farmers to increase their income. With the development of social economy, residents' demand for vegetables is increasing, especially for Beijing, which has a population of more than 15 million, the supply of vegetables is of great significance in agricultural development. At the same time, the 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing. A large number of foreign athletes and tourists will gather in Beijing. How to ensure and meet the needs of these athletes and tourists for vegetables is also a question for Beijing's agricultural development. At the end of the 11th Five-Year Plan, Beijing facilities The agricultural area will grow to more than 500,000 mu. Facility agriculture is a labor-intensive industry with high labor intensity. In order to reduce labor intensity and improve the output, efficiency and sustainable development of facility agriculture, it is necessary to realize mechanization of facilities. Tillage and land preparation is an important part of production within the facility and the labor intensity is the greatest. The existing arable land preparation machine has low operation efficiency, the working depth cannot fully meet the agronomic requirements, and the mechanized operation area is less than 30%. Therefore, we conducted research on the facility farming machinery in 2006 and applied for the project in 2007. The pilot demonstration project for the introduction of mechanized technology for efficient production of facilities and agriculture, including the experimental demonstration of new farming equipment.
I. Traditional farming techniques for farming techniques Traditional farming techniques include manual land-turning and the use of small tillers. The development of small tillers has been more than ten years, but its development is slow, and the performance and farming effect are the main reasons that affect its development.
1. The depth of the artificially turned person is about 15-18cm, the uniformity is poor, the tip of the beak is deep, and the joints on both sides and the two sides are shallow; the labor intensity is large, and a strong labor can only dig a greenhouse (0.5 mu) a day. Low, and labor intensity; the performance of broken soil is far less than the mechanical rotary tillage; the productivity is 0.051 mu / hour, and the operating cost is 60 yuan / mu (all according to the actual area of ​​the greenhouse).
2, micro tillage operation small micro tillage machine operation, ploughing depth between 12-15cm; one day (8 hours) can work 4-5 greenhouses (2 - 2.5 acres); productivity 0.25 acres / hour, operating costs 30 yuan /mu. Working conditions: When the soil is too dry, it should be sprayed once every 2-3 days to carry out the work; when it is too sticky, it should be conditioned for 2-3 days.
Second, facility agriculture new farming technology (deep farming technology)
1. The new farming technology is based on the micro tillage machine. Through the preliminary investigation, we introduced Taiwan's advanced deep mechanization technology (Maverick 868 deep tillage machine), which increased the working depth, broke the plowing bottom layer of traditional farming, and improved the operation production. Efficiency and reliability play the role of sterilization, increase fertility to improve soil compaction, enhance water storage capacity and facilitate the growth of deep root vegetables. The promotion of this technology will be conducive to the improvement of the level of mechanization of facility agriculture, and will be conducive to the sustainable development of facility agriculture to urban agriculture and ecological agriculture.
2. Performance index test and effect of deep cultivator We have two test sites in Changping Jinliuhuan Agricultural Park and Xiaotangshan Special Vegetable Grand View Garden. According to the test plan formulated beforehand, the ploughing depth, ploughing width, productivity, fuel consumption and reliability The indicators were tested. Xiaotangshan special dish Grand View Garden is a test base of agricultural technology extension station and has rich experimental experience. In order to test the tillage effect of deep tillage machine, the test point is also determined as the test point of deep tillage effect test.
Performance test results:
Tillage depth: The soil moisture is suitable. It can be ploughed once. The average depth of ploughing is between 22 and 28 cm. The soil is too dry and can be ploughed twice. The first ploughing depth is between 15 and 18 cm, and the second ploughing depth is about 25 cm.
Ploughing width: between 105-110cm, the floating is not big.
Productivity: The time for ploughing and ploughing is basically the same. A greenhouse can be used for 50-60 minutes, and 8-10 greenhouses (4-5 mu) can be operated in one day, with a productivity of 0.5 mu/hour.
Fuel consumption: 1.55 liters / mu.
Activity cost: 25 yuan per mu.
Especially in the Jinpinghuan Agricultural Park in Changping in April, the test greenhouse has been hard for half a year (used in the winter last year). The soil surface is hard and the hardness is much higher than that of the normal greenhouse. The traditional tillage machine can not work at all. The cow 868N deep ploughing machine has an average working depth of 25cm, which can meet the agronomic requirements once and again. (The traditional tillage machine can work in the greenhouse, and it needs two operations, the working depth is about 15cm).
At the beginning of June, the three greenhouses in the Xiaotangshan special dish Daguanyuan were used to prevent root-worms. The method was to lay a layer of crushed wheat straw on the alfalfa, add the medicine to the wheat straw, and use the rotary tiller to turn the soil. Therefore, the more uniform the mixture, the stricter the soil is buried, the better the fermentation quality and the insecticidal effect; the traditional micro tillage machine, because of the shallow depth of cultivation, requires 4-5 times of rotary tillage, can be rotated evenly, but the depth is not more than 15cm, the effect is not ideal; using deep-cultivator rotary tillage, not only the depth of the spin, the soil is also buried, and only need to rotate two times, can achieve the agronomic requirements, double the production efficiency.
A total of five greenhouses and one greenhouse were tested at two test sites. The working depth was basically about 25cm, which was more than 10cm higher than that of traditional tillage machines, and the operation efficiency was doubled. The performance indicators were outstanding and there was a good demonstration and promotion prospect. .
Third, the technical advantage 1, the depth of farming increased: the depth of farming is 10cm higher than the traditional farming, breaking the long-term plowing bottom left by traditional farming; turning the surface soil to the lower layer, fully inactivating harmful substances, increasing soil fertility; improving soil compaction; Conducive to water storage and protection;
2, the work efficiency is improved: the work efficiency is 10 times higher than the manual work, and doubled compared with the existing work tools.
3, the operation cost is reduced: the operation cost is 35 yuan per mu per manual operation, 5-10 yuan per mu per operation than the existing operation equipment; 10,000 mu facilities are planted three to four times a year, which can save labor costs 350 More than 10,000 yuan.
4. Increase in output: increase production by 5%-10%, increase annual income by 300 yuan per mu, and increase the income of 10,000 mu of facility vegetables by 3 million yuan per year.
Fourth, the development prospects Facility agriculture to achieve mechanization must start from the most labor-intensive, labor-intensive tillage and land preparation operations, the current arable land preparation machinery operation volume is less than 30%, and the performance of the work tools is not perfect, but also long-term push and not wide The main reason. The deep mechanization technology not only solves the performance problems of the implements, but also makes the farming effect more suitable for agronomic requirements; the increase of the depth of cultivation, the improvement of productivity, and the continuous improvement of the operation effect and efficiency, is the continuous development of facility agriculture, and the upgrading of tillage and finishing equipment The inevitable trend, the demonstration and promotion of this technology has far-reaching practical significance for the development of urban agriculture.
Note: The number of acres referred to in the text refers to the area of ​​the facility.
Based on the characteristics of big cities and small suburbs, Beijing proposed a strategy to build urban modern agriculture. Facility agriculture is the foundation of urban modern agriculture and an important pillar industry for farmers to increase their income. With the development of social economy, residents' demand for vegetables is increasing, especially for Beijing, which has a population of more than 15 million, the supply of vegetables is of great significance in agricultural development. At the same time, the 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing. A large number of foreign athletes and tourists will gather in Beijing. How to ensure and meet the needs of these athletes and tourists for vegetables is also a question for Beijing's agricultural development. At the end of the 11th Five-Year Plan, Beijing facilities The agricultural area will grow to more than 500,000 mu. Facility agriculture is a labor-intensive industry with high labor intensity. In order to reduce labor intensity and improve the output, efficiency and sustainable development of facility agriculture, it is necessary to realize mechanization of facilities. Tillage and land preparation is an important part of production within the facility and the labor intensity is the greatest. The existing arable land preparation machine has low operation efficiency, the working depth cannot fully meet the agronomic requirements, and the mechanized operation area is less than 30%. Therefore, we conducted research on the facility farming machinery in 2006 and applied for the project in 2007. The pilot demonstration project for the introduction of mechanized technology for efficient production of facilities and agriculture, including the experimental demonstration of new farming equipment.
I. Traditional farming techniques for farming techniques Traditional farming techniques include manual land-turning and the use of small tillers. The development of small tillers has been more than ten years, but its development is slow, and the performance and farming effect are the main reasons that affect its development.
1. The depth of the artificially turned person is about 15-18cm, the uniformity is poor, the tip of the beak is deep, and the joints on both sides and the two sides are shallow; the labor intensity is large, and a strong labor can only dig a greenhouse (0.5 mu) a day. Low, and labor intensity; the performance of broken soil is far less than the mechanical rotary tillage; the productivity is 0.051 mu / hour, and the operating cost is 60 yuan / mu (all according to the actual area of ​​the greenhouse).
2, micro tillage operation small micro tillage machine operation, ploughing depth between 12-15cm; one day (8 hours) can work 4-5 greenhouses (2 - 2.5 acres); productivity 0.25 acres / hour, operating costs 30 yuan /mu. Working conditions: When the soil is too dry, it should be sprayed once every 2-3 days to carry out the work; when it is too sticky, it should be conditioned for 2-3 days.
Second, facility agriculture new farming technology (deep farming technology)
1. The new farming technology is based on the micro tillage machine. Through the preliminary investigation, we introduced Taiwan's advanced deep mechanization technology (Maverick 868 deep tillage machine), which increased the working depth, broke the plowing bottom layer of traditional farming, and improved the operation production. Efficiency and reliability play the role of sterilization, increase fertility to improve soil compaction, enhance water storage capacity and facilitate the growth of deep root vegetables. The promotion of this technology will be conducive to the improvement of the level of mechanization of facility agriculture, and will be conducive to the sustainable development of facility agriculture to urban agriculture and ecological agriculture.
2. Performance index test and effect of deep cultivator We have two test sites in Changping Jinliuhuan Agricultural Park and Xiaotangshan Special Vegetable Grand View Garden. According to the test plan formulated beforehand, the ploughing depth, ploughing width, productivity, fuel consumption and reliability The indicators were tested. Xiaotangshan special dish Grand View Garden is a test base of agricultural technology extension station and has rich experimental experience. In order to test the tillage effect of deep tillage machine, the test point is also determined as the test point of deep tillage effect test.
Performance test results:
Tillage depth: The soil moisture is suitable. It can be ploughed once. The average depth of ploughing is between 22 and 28 cm. The soil is too dry and can be ploughed twice. The first ploughing depth is between 15 and 18 cm, and the second ploughing depth is about 25 cm.
Ploughing width: between 105-110cm, the floating is not big.
Productivity: The time for ploughing and ploughing is basically the same. A greenhouse can be used for 50-60 minutes, and 8-10 greenhouses (4-5 mu) can be operated in one day, with a productivity of 0.5 mu/hour.
Fuel consumption: 1.55 liters / mu.
Activity cost: 25 yuan per mu.
Especially in the Jinpinghuan Agricultural Park in Changping in April, the test greenhouse has been hard for half a year (used in the winter last year). The soil surface is hard and the hardness is much higher than that of the normal greenhouse. The traditional tillage machine can not work at all. The cow 868N deep ploughing machine has an average working depth of 25cm, which can meet the agronomic requirements once and again. (The traditional tillage machine can work in the greenhouse, and it needs two operations, the working depth is about 15cm).
At the beginning of June, the three greenhouses in the Xiaotangshan special dish Daguanyuan were used to prevent root-worms. The method was to lay a layer of crushed wheat straw on the alfalfa, add the medicine to the wheat straw, and use the rotary tiller to turn the soil. Therefore, the more uniform the mixture, the stricter the soil is buried, the better the fermentation quality and the insecticidal effect; the traditional micro tillage machine, because of the shallow depth of cultivation, requires 4-5 times of rotary tillage, can be rotated evenly, but the depth is not more than 15cm, the effect is not ideal; using deep-cultivator rotary tillage, not only the depth of the spin, the soil is also buried, and only need to rotate two times, can achieve the agronomic requirements, double the production efficiency.
A total of five greenhouses and one greenhouse were tested at two test sites. The working depth was basically about 25cm, which was more than 10cm higher than that of traditional tillage machines, and the operation efficiency was doubled. The performance indicators were outstanding and there was a good demonstration and promotion prospect. .
Third, the technical advantage 1, the depth of farming increased: the depth of farming is 10cm higher than the traditional farming, breaking the long-term plowing bottom left by traditional farming; turning the surface soil to the lower layer, fully inactivating harmful substances, increasing soil fertility; improving soil compaction; Conducive to water storage and protection;
2, the work efficiency is improved: the work efficiency is 10 times higher than the manual work, and doubled compared with the existing work tools.
3, the operation cost is reduced: the operation cost is 35 yuan per mu per manual operation, 5-10 yuan per mu per operation than the existing operation equipment; 10,000 mu facilities are planted three to four times a year, which can save labor costs 350 More than 10,000 yuan.
4. Increase in output: increase production by 5%-10%, increase annual income by 300 yuan per mu, and increase the income of 10,000 mu of facility vegetables by 3 million yuan per year.
Fourth, the development prospects Facility agriculture to achieve mechanization must start from the most labor-intensive, labor-intensive tillage and land preparation operations, the current arable land preparation machinery operation volume is less than 30%, and the performance of the work tools is not perfect, but also long-term push and not wide The main reason. The deep mechanization technology not only solves the performance problems of the implements, but also makes the farming effect more suitable for agronomic requirements; the increase of the depth of cultivation, the improvement of productivity, and the continuous improvement of the operation effect and efficiency, is the continuous development of facility agriculture, and the upgrading of tillage and finishing equipment The inevitable trend, the demonstration and promotion of this technology has far-reaching practical significance for the development of urban agriculture.
Note: The number of acres referred to in the text refers to the area of ​​the facility.
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