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The increasingly severe resource situation and environmental costs have forced China to actively promote nuclear power construction, scale development of nuclear power, and achieve sustainable energy supply as an important strategic choice. Qian Pingfan, a researcher at the Development Research Center of the State Council, told the China Economic Times that it is only a matter of filling the energy gap with non-nuclear power. As for greenhouse gas emission reduction, nuclear power will undoubtedly play a key role.
How to master the three generations of nuclear power technology in China has always been a hot topic in the nuclear power industry. A few days ago, the three-generation nuclear power technology conference held by the National Atomic Energy Agency was packed, and the audience had problems. Such heavy attention proved the weight of the nuclear power technology route to the development of national nuclear energy.
Three generations of technical routes are determined
According to the Medium and Long-Term Plan for Nuclear Power Development î—°2005-2020î—±, in 2020, the target of operating nuclear power installed capacity will reach 40 million kilowatts and the capacity under construction will be 18 million kilowatts.
The reality is that as of the end of 2006, China's nuclear power installed capacity was 6.99 million kilowatts, and the total power generation was 54.8 billion kilowatt hours. In this regard, Sun Hanhong, deputy general manager of the National Nuclear Power Technology Corporation elaborated on China's roadmap for mastering the third-generation nuclear power technology: first introduced the third-generation nuclear power technology AP1000 from Westinghouse, and built four nuclear power units. After the Chinese side absorbed and absorbed, At the time of the construction of the fifth nuclear power unit, the AP1000's self-design goal was achieved.
Digestion and absorption of foreign nuclear power technology is divided into three aspects: design technology, equipment manufacturing technology and engineering construction technology. Sun Hanhong said that in terms of design, the Chinese side has participated in the design of the first four units, and achieved the goal of focusing on me in the design of the subsequent units, and further researched and developed the large-scale passive advanced pressurized water reactor nuclear power plant. And the construction of a large-scale passive advanced pressurized water reactor nuclear power plant with its own brand, to achieve the purpose of digestion and absorption.
In the equipment manufacturing technology, the localization of key equipment has been basically determined. Among them, the key equipment such as pressure vessel, internal components, drive mechanism, steam generator and main pipeline will be manufactured domestically on the two units after the project. According to Xu Lianyi, director of the Nuclear Power Office of the China Machinery Industry Federation, according to preliminary statistics, the localization rate of each unit based on the project is 30%, 50%, 60% and 70%, respectively, and the average of the four units is 50%. The Chinese side insisted on using the opportunity to supply the fourth unit for localization demonstration, laying the foundation for the complete localization of the fifth unit, including the ability to manufacture localized parts such as Haguo, Shanghai Electric, Yizhong, Dalian Crane, and Harbin Electric. .
In terms of project management technology, it is planned to set up a joint project management organization consisting of Westinghouse Consortium, National Nuclear Power Technology Company and project owner to construct a management support project. According to the preliminary plan, the headquarters of the joint project management agency will be located in Shanghai, and two on-site project management agencies will be set up in Sanmen, Zhejiang and Haiyang, Shandong, to be responsible for the management of the project construction of the two sites.
Feasible way
Fu Manchang, secretary-general of the China Nuclear Society, said in an interview with this reporter that a clear technical roadmap is very important for achieving the scale development of nuclear power. Considering that the third-generation PWR unit is currently in the design stage and has no commercial operation performance, there are still many uncertain factors. Even if the technology is introduced and the construction is successful, it will take a long time to test and demonstrate the test. In order to decide to start mass construction. He said that the mainstream of nuclear power plants put into operation and under construction during the 11th Five-Year Plan and the 12th Five-Year Plan should be improved second-generation units, which is also a realistic way to complete the goal of nuclear power construction by 2020. Fu Manchang said that the second-generation nuclear power unit construction in batches is in parallel with the introduction of third-generation technology. The engineering practice of mass-building second-generation nuclear power plants can prepare a better technical foundation and talent team for comprehensive mastery of third-generation nuclear power technology. Moreover, Zhang Huazhu, chairman of the China Nuclear Energy Industry Association and former director of the National Atomic Energy Agency, also believes that while doing the third-generation nuclear power technology introduction work, the batch construction of the second-generation improved nuclear power technology should be accelerated in the near future. The second generation of improved nuclear power projects will be built to enhance the capacity of autonomy and promote the scale development of China's nuclear energy industry.
Zhang Huazhu explained that the nuclear power plants operating in the world are mainly the second generation of pressurized water reactor nuclear power units. Now they have accumulated more than 13,000 years of operating experience, which has created good safety performance and is economically competitive. With strong vitality, the United States and Europe are carrying out the life extension of the second generation of pressurized water reactor nuclear power units. Through the successful construction and safe operation of the Daya Bay, Lingao and Qinshan nuclear power plants in China, the second-generation units have also proved to be safe and economically competitive. Through continuous improvement, safety and economy can be further improved. New projects in some countries continue to use the second generation of improved technology, which also shows that the second generation of improved technology still has a large space for survival and development.
Shen Rugang, deputy general manager of China Guangdong Nuclear Power Group, told reporters that CGNPC has invested heavily in the introduction, digestion, absorption and innovation for more than 20 years, forming a CPR1000 standard technology and management plan for its own brand. Many technologies of CPR1000 have been linked with the three-generation nuclear power technology program, and laid the foundation for the independent development of China's three generations of nuclear power technology.
Building a complete nuclear power industry system
At the end of last year, the international bidding for China’s third-generation nuclear power technology from 2004 was settled. After reviewing and demonstrating in various aspects such as technology, economy, localization, and financing conditions, China decided to spend tens of billions of dollars to introduce the Westinghouse AP1000 technology to build Zhejiang Sanmen and Shandong Haiyang two independent nuclear power projects. According to the current plan, China's first nuclear power unit using Westinghouse AP1000 technology will start construction around 2009 and start production in 2013. After 2020, China's three generations of nuclear power technology based on AP1000 technology is expected to become the mainstream technology of China's new nuclear power plants.
However, China's efforts to digest and absorb the world's most advanced three-generation nuclear power technology have attracted much attention. Until this technical report meeting, the national nuclear power technology company that played a pivotal role in technology introduction publicly appeared. The preparatory group of the National Nuclear Power Technology Corporation was established in November 2004. It is responsible for organizing the three-generation nuclear power technology bidding and subsequent technology digestion, absorption and independent innovation. On the basis of the work of the preparatory group, the National Nuclear Power Technology Corporation was announced in February this year and is scheduled to be officially listed on May 18. The National Nuclear Power Technology Corporation is the transferee of China's nuclear power technology introduction and an important carrier for the third generation of nuclear power technology digestion, absorption and independent innovation. Sun Hanhong said that the establishment of a special nuclear power technology company is to integrate national power, unify the technical route, introduce advanced technology, and unify domestic independent development.
The successful experience of developing nuclear power abroad shows that to achieve the scale development of nuclear power, it is not enough to establish a nuclear power technology system. It is also necessary to build a complete nuclear power industry system from engineering design, equipment manufacturing, to engineering construction and operation and maintenance. At the same time, it is necessary to build a corresponding uranium resource exploration and development and storage system, nuclear fuel supply system, nuclear fuel cycle system, including the front-end processing and back-end processing system of the nuclear fuel cycle. Fu Manchang pointed out that many links in China's current nuclear power industry system are still relatively weak, and it is difficult to adapt to the needs of large-scale development of nuclear power. It is imperative to establish and improve a complete nuclear power industry system that is in line with China's national conditions and is in line with international standards.
What is the first, second, third and fourth generation nuclear power?
Generation: The development and construction of nuclear power plants began in the 1950s. In 1954, the former Soviet Union built an experimental nuclear power plant with an electric power of 5,000 kilowatts. In 1957, the United States built a prototype nuclear power plant at Xiping Port with an electric power of 90,000 kilowatts. These achievements prove the technical feasibility of using nuclear power to generate electricity. The above experimental and prototype nuclear power units are referred to internationally as first-generation nuclear power units.
The second generation: In the late 1960s, on the basis of experimental and prototype nuclear power plants, nuclear power plants such as pressurized water reactors, boiling water reactors and heavy water reactors with an electric power of more than 300,000 kilowatts were built successively, which further proved the feasibility of nuclear power generation technology. At the same time, the economics of nuclear power can also be proved: it can compete with thermal power and hydropower.
In the 1970s, the energy crisis caused by oil price hikes promoted the development of nuclear power. Most of the more than 400 nuclear power units operating in the world were built during this period, called the second generation nuclear power units.
Three generations: In the 1990s, in order to solve the negative impact of serious accidents at the Three Mile Island and Chernobyl nuclear power plants, the world's nuclear power industry concentrated on research and research on the prevention and resolution of serious accidents. The United States and Europe have successively introduced them. The “Advanced Light Water Reactor User Requirements†document, the URD file (UtilityReguirementsDocument), and the “European User Requirements for Light Water Reactor Nuclear Power Plantsâ€, the EUR (European Utility Requirements) document, further clarify the prevention and mitigation of serious accidents and improve safety and reliability. And improve the requirements of human factors engineering. Nuclear power plants that meet URD files or EUR documents are often referred to internationally as third-generation nuclear power plants. For the third generation of nuclear power units, the requirements for commercial construction by 2010 will be required. In the international arena, the relatively mature third-generation nuclear voltage water reactors are available in three models: AP-1000, ERP and System80+. Although System80+ has been approved by the National Scientific Research Council (NRC), the United States has abandoned it.
After the advent of the third-generation nuclear power technology, it has received widespread attention from global nuclear power users. Some nuclear power owners, including China, have chosen or are ready to use safer and more economical third-generation nuclear power technology for new nuclear power plant construction.
Four generations: In January 2000, under the initiative of the US Department of Energy, the United States, the United Kingdom, Switzerland, South Africa, Japan, France, Canada, Brazil, South Korea and Argentina, and ten countries interested in developing nuclear energy, jointly formed the "No. The Fourth Generation International Nuclear Energy Forum (GIF) signed a contract in July 2001 to work together to research and develop the fourth generation of nuclear energy systems (GenIV). The fourth-generation nuclear energy utilization system refers to a nuclear energy utilization system that is superior in safety and economy, has very little waste, requires no external emergency, and has nuclear non-proliferation capability. Its commercialization is estimated to be around 2030. Can be achieved.
How to master the three generations of nuclear power technology in China has always been a hot topic in the nuclear power industry. A few days ago, the three-generation nuclear power technology conference held by the National Atomic Energy Agency was packed, and the audience had problems. Such heavy attention proved the weight of the nuclear power technology route to the development of national nuclear energy.
Three generations of technical routes are determined
According to the Medium and Long-Term Plan for Nuclear Power Development î—°2005-2020î—±, in 2020, the target of operating nuclear power installed capacity will reach 40 million kilowatts and the capacity under construction will be 18 million kilowatts.
The reality is that as of the end of 2006, China's nuclear power installed capacity was 6.99 million kilowatts, and the total power generation was 54.8 billion kilowatt hours. In this regard, Sun Hanhong, deputy general manager of the National Nuclear Power Technology Corporation elaborated on China's roadmap for mastering the third-generation nuclear power technology: first introduced the third-generation nuclear power technology AP1000 from Westinghouse, and built four nuclear power units. After the Chinese side absorbed and absorbed, At the time of the construction of the fifth nuclear power unit, the AP1000's self-design goal was achieved.
Digestion and absorption of foreign nuclear power technology is divided into three aspects: design technology, equipment manufacturing technology and engineering construction technology. Sun Hanhong said that in terms of design, the Chinese side has participated in the design of the first four units, and achieved the goal of focusing on me in the design of the subsequent units, and further researched and developed the large-scale passive advanced pressurized water reactor nuclear power plant. And the construction of a large-scale passive advanced pressurized water reactor nuclear power plant with its own brand, to achieve the purpose of digestion and absorption.
In the equipment manufacturing technology, the localization of key equipment has been basically determined. Among them, the key equipment such as pressure vessel, internal components, drive mechanism, steam generator and main pipeline will be manufactured domestically on the two units after the project. According to Xu Lianyi, director of the Nuclear Power Office of the China Machinery Industry Federation, according to preliminary statistics, the localization rate of each unit based on the project is 30%, 50%, 60% and 70%, respectively, and the average of the four units is 50%. The Chinese side insisted on using the opportunity to supply the fourth unit for localization demonstration, laying the foundation for the complete localization of the fifth unit, including the ability to manufacture localized parts such as Haguo, Shanghai Electric, Yizhong, Dalian Crane, and Harbin Electric. .
In terms of project management technology, it is planned to set up a joint project management organization consisting of Westinghouse Consortium, National Nuclear Power Technology Company and project owner to construct a management support project. According to the preliminary plan, the headquarters of the joint project management agency will be located in Shanghai, and two on-site project management agencies will be set up in Sanmen, Zhejiang and Haiyang, Shandong, to be responsible for the management of the project construction of the two sites.
Feasible way
Fu Manchang, secretary-general of the China Nuclear Society, said in an interview with this reporter that a clear technical roadmap is very important for achieving the scale development of nuclear power. Considering that the third-generation PWR unit is currently in the design stage and has no commercial operation performance, there are still many uncertain factors. Even if the technology is introduced and the construction is successful, it will take a long time to test and demonstrate the test. In order to decide to start mass construction. He said that the mainstream of nuclear power plants put into operation and under construction during the 11th Five-Year Plan and the 12th Five-Year Plan should be improved second-generation units, which is also a realistic way to complete the goal of nuclear power construction by 2020. Fu Manchang said that the second-generation nuclear power unit construction in batches is in parallel with the introduction of third-generation technology. The engineering practice of mass-building second-generation nuclear power plants can prepare a better technical foundation and talent team for comprehensive mastery of third-generation nuclear power technology. Moreover, Zhang Huazhu, chairman of the China Nuclear Energy Industry Association and former director of the National Atomic Energy Agency, also believes that while doing the third-generation nuclear power technology introduction work, the batch construction of the second-generation improved nuclear power technology should be accelerated in the near future. The second generation of improved nuclear power projects will be built to enhance the capacity of autonomy and promote the scale development of China's nuclear energy industry.
Zhang Huazhu explained that the nuclear power plants operating in the world are mainly the second generation of pressurized water reactor nuclear power units. Now they have accumulated more than 13,000 years of operating experience, which has created good safety performance and is economically competitive. With strong vitality, the United States and Europe are carrying out the life extension of the second generation of pressurized water reactor nuclear power units. Through the successful construction and safe operation of the Daya Bay, Lingao and Qinshan nuclear power plants in China, the second-generation units have also proved to be safe and economically competitive. Through continuous improvement, safety and economy can be further improved. New projects in some countries continue to use the second generation of improved technology, which also shows that the second generation of improved technology still has a large space for survival and development.
Shen Rugang, deputy general manager of China Guangdong Nuclear Power Group, told reporters that CGNPC has invested heavily in the introduction, digestion, absorption and innovation for more than 20 years, forming a CPR1000 standard technology and management plan for its own brand. Many technologies of CPR1000 have been linked with the three-generation nuclear power technology program, and laid the foundation for the independent development of China's three generations of nuclear power technology.
Building a complete nuclear power industry system
At the end of last year, the international bidding for China’s third-generation nuclear power technology from 2004 was settled. After reviewing and demonstrating in various aspects such as technology, economy, localization, and financing conditions, China decided to spend tens of billions of dollars to introduce the Westinghouse AP1000 technology to build Zhejiang Sanmen and Shandong Haiyang two independent nuclear power projects. According to the current plan, China's first nuclear power unit using Westinghouse AP1000 technology will start construction around 2009 and start production in 2013. After 2020, China's three generations of nuclear power technology based on AP1000 technology is expected to become the mainstream technology of China's new nuclear power plants.
However, China's efforts to digest and absorb the world's most advanced three-generation nuclear power technology have attracted much attention. Until this technical report meeting, the national nuclear power technology company that played a pivotal role in technology introduction publicly appeared. The preparatory group of the National Nuclear Power Technology Corporation was established in November 2004. It is responsible for organizing the three-generation nuclear power technology bidding and subsequent technology digestion, absorption and independent innovation. On the basis of the work of the preparatory group, the National Nuclear Power Technology Corporation was announced in February this year and is scheduled to be officially listed on May 18. The National Nuclear Power Technology Corporation is the transferee of China's nuclear power technology introduction and an important carrier for the third generation of nuclear power technology digestion, absorption and independent innovation. Sun Hanhong said that the establishment of a special nuclear power technology company is to integrate national power, unify the technical route, introduce advanced technology, and unify domestic independent development.
The successful experience of developing nuclear power abroad shows that to achieve the scale development of nuclear power, it is not enough to establish a nuclear power technology system. It is also necessary to build a complete nuclear power industry system from engineering design, equipment manufacturing, to engineering construction and operation and maintenance. At the same time, it is necessary to build a corresponding uranium resource exploration and development and storage system, nuclear fuel supply system, nuclear fuel cycle system, including the front-end processing and back-end processing system of the nuclear fuel cycle. Fu Manchang pointed out that many links in China's current nuclear power industry system are still relatively weak, and it is difficult to adapt to the needs of large-scale development of nuclear power. It is imperative to establish and improve a complete nuclear power industry system that is in line with China's national conditions and is in line with international standards.
What is the first, second, third and fourth generation nuclear power?
Generation: The development and construction of nuclear power plants began in the 1950s. In 1954, the former Soviet Union built an experimental nuclear power plant with an electric power of 5,000 kilowatts. In 1957, the United States built a prototype nuclear power plant at Xiping Port with an electric power of 90,000 kilowatts. These achievements prove the technical feasibility of using nuclear power to generate electricity. The above experimental and prototype nuclear power units are referred to internationally as first-generation nuclear power units.
The second generation: In the late 1960s, on the basis of experimental and prototype nuclear power plants, nuclear power plants such as pressurized water reactors, boiling water reactors and heavy water reactors with an electric power of more than 300,000 kilowatts were built successively, which further proved the feasibility of nuclear power generation technology. At the same time, the economics of nuclear power can also be proved: it can compete with thermal power and hydropower.
In the 1970s, the energy crisis caused by oil price hikes promoted the development of nuclear power. Most of the more than 400 nuclear power units operating in the world were built during this period, called the second generation nuclear power units.
Three generations: In the 1990s, in order to solve the negative impact of serious accidents at the Three Mile Island and Chernobyl nuclear power plants, the world's nuclear power industry concentrated on research and research on the prevention and resolution of serious accidents. The United States and Europe have successively introduced them. The “Advanced Light Water Reactor User Requirements†document, the URD file (UtilityReguirementsDocument), and the “European User Requirements for Light Water Reactor Nuclear Power Plantsâ€, the EUR (European Utility Requirements) document, further clarify the prevention and mitigation of serious accidents and improve safety and reliability. And improve the requirements of human factors engineering. Nuclear power plants that meet URD files or EUR documents are often referred to internationally as third-generation nuclear power plants. For the third generation of nuclear power units, the requirements for commercial construction by 2010 will be required. In the international arena, the relatively mature third-generation nuclear voltage water reactors are available in three models: AP-1000, ERP and System80+. Although System80+ has been approved by the National Scientific Research Council (NRC), the United States has abandoned it.
After the advent of the third-generation nuclear power technology, it has received widespread attention from global nuclear power users. Some nuclear power owners, including China, have chosen or are ready to use safer and more economical third-generation nuclear power technology for new nuclear power plant construction.
Four generations: In January 2000, under the initiative of the US Department of Energy, the United States, the United Kingdom, Switzerland, South Africa, Japan, France, Canada, Brazil, South Korea and Argentina, and ten countries interested in developing nuclear energy, jointly formed the "No. The Fourth Generation International Nuclear Energy Forum (GIF) signed a contract in July 2001 to work together to research and develop the fourth generation of nuclear energy systems (GenIV). The fourth-generation nuclear energy utilization system refers to a nuclear energy utilization system that is superior in safety and economy, has very little waste, requires no external emergency, and has nuclear non-proliferation capability. Its commercialization is estimated to be around 2030. Can be achieved.
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